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Brought to you by New England Biolabs  VOLUME 390 | ISSUE 6779 | 18 DEC 2025 Special Issue Feature  |  2025 Breakthrough of the Year Good morning, sunshine By Tim Appenzeller The seemingly unstoppable growth of renewable energy is Science’s 2025 Breakthrough of the Year Read more Feature  |  2025 Breakthrough of the Year The green giant By Tim Appenzeller Images of China’s clean energy infrastructure reveal a transformation of unmatched scale and speed Read more Feature  |  2025 Breakthrough of the Year Runners-up By Jocelyn Kaiser, Martin Enserink, et al. Read more Feature  |  2025 Breakthrough of the Year Breakdowns of the year By Jeffrey Mervis, Martin Enserink, et al. What went wrong in the world of science Read more Editorial Editorial Here comes the Sun By H. Holden Thorp Read more News In Depth  |  Policy NIH’s proposed caps on open-access publishing fees roil community By Phie Jacobs Change to be implemented next year drew more than 900 comments, most of them critical Read more In Depth  |  Artificial Intelligence A new preprint server welcomes papers written and reviewed by AI By Celina Zhao With human peer review struggling to keep pace with machine-generated science, aiXiv enlists bots to help Read more In Depth  |  Policy NSF pares back grant-review process to ease workload By Jeffrey Mervis Memo cites reduced staff, but some say move also aims to elevate White House priorities Read more In Depth  |  Seismology Seafloor telecom cable turned into giant earthquake detector By Paul Voosen Dense seismic array more than 4000 kilometers long promises new views of Earth’s interior Read more In Depth  |  Electrical Engineering New materials could supercharge computer memory chips By Robert F. Service Ferroelectrics could bolster “flash” memory in AI data centers and autonomous robots Read more Commentary Expert Voices Safeguards for military robotics are impeded by the realities of warfare By Aude G. Billard Read more Perspective  |  Landmark: Astronomy A century of modern cosmology By Wendy L. Freedman Edwin Hubble’s measurement of a galaxy beyond the Milky Way led to the discovery of cosmic expansion Read more Perspective  |  Plant Sciences Tricks for treats By Brian H. Kvitko, Jonathan M. Jacobs Plant pathogens use secreted effectors to trick plant cells into providing sugary treats Read more Perspective  |  Ecology Reevaluating PFAS exposure risks from marine fish By Jennifer Sun, Elsie M. Sunderland A modeling analysis suggests that legacy PFAS in marine fish have declined on a global scale Read more Perspective  |  Physiology Pathways of pain By Amélie Joly, Irene Miguel-Aliaga Estrogen tunes a cross-talk between hormone-secreting cells in the mouse gut to regulate visceral pain Read more Books et al.  |  Ecology Listening to the languages of nature By Gillian Bowser A journalist’s collected works probe the dazzling complexity of Earth’s ever-changing ecosystems Read more Books et al.  |  Technology The internet’s deepest infrastructure By Ananya Stakeholders vie for control of the underwater cables that underlie modern communications Read more Letter Wildfires mobilize soil pollutants By Xiaohui Liu, Ruonan Wang, et al. Read more Letter  |  Past as Prologue Cutting cake into a slice of life By Yuanxing Xia Read more Letter Soil Hg re-emissions erode control efforts By Jing Wei, Huan Zhong, et al. Read more Analysis Policy Article  |  Artificial Intelligence Scientific production in the era of large language models By Keigo Kusumegi, Xinyu Yang, et al. With the production process rapidly evolving, science policy must consider how institutions could evolve Read more Analytical Review  |  SCIENCE OF SCIENCE Recent discoveries on the acquisition of the highest levels of human performance By Arne Güllich, Michael Barth, et al. Read more Research Research Highlights In Science Journals By Sacha Vignieri, Yury Suleymanov, et al. Highlights from the Science family of journals Read more Research Highlights In Other Journals By Jesse Smith, Di Jiang, et al. Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature Read more Research Article  |  CANCER AQP5: A functional gastric cancer stem cell marker in mouse and human tumors By Hui Yi Grace Lim, Swathi Yada, et al. Read more Research Article  |  ANCIENT DNA Ancient genomes illuminate the origins and dynamic history of East Asian cattle By Dawei Cai, Donghee Kim, et al. Read more Research Article  |  KINASE REGULATION Conformational landscape adaptations enable processive phosphorylation by Src family kinases By Yixin Cui, Rustam Ali, et al. Read more Research Article  |  EVOLUTION Intracellular competition shapes plasmid population dynamics By Fernando Rossine, Carlos Sanchez, et al. Read more Research Article  |  PROTEOMICS A human pan-disease blood atlas of the circulating proteome By María Bueno Álvez, Sofia Bergström, et al. Read more Research Article  |  SOLAR CELLS Optimal perovskite vapor partitioning on textured silicon for high-stability tandem solar cells By Nengxu Li, Xiuxiu Niu, et al. Read more Research Article  |  ELECTROCHEMISTRY State-independent ionic conductivity By J. Barclay, J. M. Williamson, et al. Read more Research Article  |  PHOTONIC COMPUTING All-optical synthesis chip for large-scale intelligent semantic vision generation By Yitong Chen, Xinyue Sun, et al. Read more Research Article  |  THERMOELECTRICS Extending the temperature range of the Cmcm phase of SnSe for high thermoelectric performance By Tian Gao, Yi Wen, et al. Read more Research Article  |  ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electrode strain dynamics in layered intercalation battery cathodes By Tianxiao Sun, Guannan Qian, et al. Read more Research Article  |  ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Trifluoromethylation of alkyl electrophiles with 11C- or 18F-labeled fluoroform for PET applications By Chao Wang, Paul DeMent, et al. Read more Research Article  |  PAIN A cellular basis for heightened gut sensitivity in females By Archana Venkataraman, Eric E. Figueroa, et al. Read more Research Article  |  PLANT PATHOLOGY Xanthomonas coordinates type III–type II effector synergy by activating fruit-ripening pathway By Trang Thi-Thu Phan, Rodrigo Silva Araujo Streit, et al. Read more Research Article  |  PLANT PATHOLOGY A bacterial nutrition strategy for plant disease control By Shanzhi Wang, Lisong Zhu, et al. Read more Research Article  |  CHEMICAL EXPOSURE Risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure through marine fish consumption By Wenhui Qiu, Ge Yang, et al. Read more Errata Erratum for the Report “TFEB links autophagy to lysosomal biogenesis” by C. Settembre et al. Read more Errata Erratum for the Research Article “Robust epitaxy of single-crystal transition-metal dichalcogenides on lanthanum-passivated sapphire” by X. Zou et al. 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